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A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosive's energy. Various types are used to cut and form metal, initiate nuclear weapons, penetrate armor, and "complete" wells in the oil and gas industry. A typical modern shaped charge, with a metal liner on the charge cavity, can penetrate armor steel to a depth of 7 or more times the diameter of the charge (charge diameters, CD), though greater depths of 10 CD and above〔https://www.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/06_98.3.pdf〕 have been achieved. Contrary to a widespread misconception (possibly resulting from the acronym HEAT) the shaped charge does not depend in any way on heating or melting for its effectiveness; that is, the jet from a shaped charge does not melt its way through armor, as its effect is purely kinetic in nature. ==Munroe effect== The Munroe or Neumann effect is the focusing of blast energy by a hollow or void cut on a surface of an explosive. The earliest mention of hollow charges occurred in 1792. Franz Xaver von Baader (1765–1841) was a German mining engineer at that time; in a mining journal, he advocated a conical space at the forward end of a blasting charge to increase the explosive's effect and thereby save powder.〔Franz Baader (March 1792) "Versuch einer Theorie der Sprengarbeit" (Investigation of a theory of blasting), ''Bergmännisches Journal'' (Miners' Journal), vol. 1, no. 3, pages 193–212. Reprinted in: Franz Hoffmann et al. ed.s, ''Franz von Baader's sämtliche Werke ...'' (von Baader's complete works ... ) (Leipzig (Germany): Herrmann Bethmann, 1854), Part I, vol. 7, (pages 153–166. )〕 The idea was adopted, for a time, in Norway and in the mines of the Harz mountains of Germany, although the only available explosive at the time was gunpowder, which is not a high explosive and hence incapable of producing the shock wave that the shaped-charge effect requires.〔Donald R. Kennedy, (''History of the Shaped Charge Effect: The First 100 Years'' ) (Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1990), pages 3–5.〕 The first true hollow charge effect was achieved in 1883 by Max von Foerster (1845–1905),〔For a brief biography of Max von Foerster, see the German Wikipedia article on him.〕 chief of the nitrocellulose factory of Wolff & Co. in Walsrode, Germany.〔Kennedy (1990), pages 5 and 66.〕〔See: * Max von Foerster (1883) ''Versuche mit Komprimierter Schiessbaumwolle'' (with compressed gun cotton ), (Berlin, Germany: Mittler und Sohn, 1883). * Max von Foerster (1884) ("Experiments with compressed gun cotton," ) ''Nostrand's Engineering Magazine'', vol. 31, pages 113–119.〕 By 1886, Gustav Bloem of Düsseldorf, Germany had obtained for hemispherical cavity metal detonators to concentrate the effect of the explosion in an axial direction. The Munroe effect is named after Charles E. Munroe, who discovered it in 1888. A civilian chemist working at the U.S. Naval Torpedo Station at Newport, Rhode Island, he noticed that when a block of explosive guncotton with the manufacturer's name stamped into it was detonated next to a metal plate, the lettering was cut into the plate. Conversely, if letters were raised in relief above the surface of the explosive, then the letters on the plate would also be raised above its surface.〔See: * Charles E. Munroe (1888) ("On certain phenomena produced by the detonation of gun cotton," ) ''Proceedings of the Newport'' (Island ) ''Natural Historical Society'' 1883–1886, Report no. 6. * Charles E. Munroe (1888) ("Wave-like effects produced by the detonation of guncotton," ) ''American Journal of Science'', vol. 36, pages 48–50. * Charles E. Munroe (1888) ("Modern explosives," ) ''Scribner's Magazine'', vol. 3, pages 563–576. * Kennedy (1990), pages 5–6.〕 In 1894, Munroe constructed the first crude shaped charge:〔C.E. Munroe (1894) Executive Document No. 20, 53rd () Congress, 1st Session, Washington, D.C.〕〔Charles E. Munroe (1900) ("The applications of explosives," ) Appleton's ''Popular Science Monthly'', vol. 56, pages 300–312, 444–455. A description of Munroe's first shaped-charge experiment appears on (page 453 ).〕 Among the experiments made ... was one upon a safe twenty-nine inches cube, with walls four inches and three quarters thick, made up of plates of iron and steel ... ()hen a hollow charge of dynamite nine pounds and a half in weight and untamped was detonated on it, a hole three inches in diameter was blown clear through the wall ... The hollow cartridge was made by tying the sticks of dynamite around a tin can, the open mouth of the latter being placed downward.〔Munroe (1900), page 453.〕 Although Munroe's discovery of the shaped charge was widely publicized in 1900 in ''Popular Science Monthly'', the importance of the tin can "liner" of the hollow charge remained unrecognized for another 44 years.〔Kennedy (1990), page 6.〕 Part of that 1900 article was reprinted in the February 1945 issue of ''Popular Science'',〔("It makes steel flow like mud" ''Popular Science'', February 1945, pp. 65–69 )〕 describing how shaped-charge warheads worked. It was this article that at last revealed to the general public how the fabled ''Bazooka'' actually worked against armored vehicles during WWII. In 1910, Egon Neumann of Germany discovered that a block of TNT, which would normally dent a steel plate, cut a hole through it if the explosive had a conical indentation. The military usefulness of Munroe's and Neumann's work was unappreciated for a long time. Between the world wars, academics in several countries — Myron Yakovlevich Sukharevskii (Мирон Яковлевич Сухаревский) in the Soviet Union,〔М. Сухаревский (Sukharevskii ) (1925) ''Техника и Снабжение Красной Армии'' (Technology and Equipment of the Red Army), no. 170, pp. 13-18 ; (1926) ''Война и Техника'' (War and Technology), no. 253, pp. 18-24.〕 William H. Payman and Donald Whitley Woodhead in Britain,〔 See also: 〕 and Robert Williams Wood in the U.S. — recognized that projectiles could form during explosions. However, it was not until 1932 that Franz Rudolf Thomanek, a student of physics at Vienna's ''Technische Hochschule'', conceived an anti-tank round that was based on the hollow charge effect. When the Austrian government showed no interest in pursuing the idea, Thomanek moved to Berlin's ''Technische Hochschule'', where he continued his studies under the ballistics expert Carl Julius Cranz.〔For a biography of Carl Julius Cranz (1858-1945), see: * * German Wikipedia: Carl Cranz〕 There in 1935, he and Hellmuth von Huttern developed a prototype anti-tank round. Although the weapon's performance proved disappointing, Thomanek continued his developmental work, collaborating with Hubert Schardin at the ''Waffeninstitut der Luftwaffe'' (Air Force Weapons Institute) in Braunschweig.〔Helmut W. Malnig (2006) "Professor Thomanek und die Entwicklung der Präzisions-Hohlladung" (Professor Thomanek and the development of the precision hollow charge), ''Truppendienst'', no. 289. Available on-line at: (''Bundesheer'' (Federal Army (of Austria)) )〕 By 1937, Shardin believed that hollow-charge effects were due to the interactions of shock waves. It was during the testing of this idea that, on February 4, 1938, Thomanek conceived the shaped-charge explosive (or ''Hohlladungs-Auskleidungseffekt'' (hollow-charge liner effect)).〔Kennedy (1990), p. 9.〕 (It was Gustav Adolf Thomer who in 1938 first visualized, by flash radiography, the metallic jet produced by a shaped-charge explosion.〔See: * Kennedy (1990), p. 63. * Krehl (2009), p. 513.〕) Meanwhile, Henry Hans Mohaupt, a chemical engineer in Switzerland, had independently developed a shaped-charge munition in 1935, which was demonstrated to the Swiss, French, British, and U.S. militaries.〔See: * H. Mohaupt, "Chapter 11: Shaped charges and warheads", in: F. B. Pollad and J. A. Arnold, ed.s, ''Aerospace Ordnance Handbook'' (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966). * Kennedy (1990), pp. 10-11. * William P. Walters (September 1990) "The shaped charge concept, Part II. The history of shaped charges," Technical Report BRL-TR-3158, U.S. Army Laboratory Command, Ballistic Research Laboratory (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland), p. 7. Available on-line at: (Defense Technical Information Center )〕 During World War II, Germany, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. developed shaped-charge munitions.〔Donald R. Kennedy, "(History of the Shaped Charge Effect, The First 100 Years )", D.R. Kennedy and Associates, Inc., Mountain View, California, 1983.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Shaped Charge )〕 The development of shaped charges revolutionized anti-tank warfare. Tanks faced a serious vulnerability from a weapon that could be carried by an infantryman or aircraft. One of the earliest uses of shaped charges was by German glider-borne troops against the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael. These demolition charges – developed by Dr. Wuelfken of the German Ordnance Office – were ''unlined'' explosive charges and didn't produce a metal jet like the modern HEAT warheads. Due to the lack of metal liner they shook the turrets but they did not destroy them, and other airborne troops were forced to climb on the turrets and smash the gun barrels. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shaped charge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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